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Highly active antiretroviral therapy and its
oral manifestations in HIV patients
Authors :
- Pratanporn Arirachakaran D.D.S., Grad. Dip. in Clin. Sc. (Oral Medicine), Ph.D.
Abstract :
Oral manifestations such as candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia are common lesions found in
patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Those who are on antiretroviral drugs may
demonstrate various orofacial effects. Immune reconstitution reflects a patientûs improved immune
response, but this may be accompanied by excessive response to previously exposed antigens,
resulting in opportunistic infection. Common adverse effects of antiviral therapy include xerostomia
and erythema multiforme, which are mostly related to use of protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors. Perioral paresthesia, mucosal hyperpigmentation and lichenoid reaction may
also be seen, along with an increased probability of oral warts and salivary gland disorders.
Oral adverse effects from drugs, as well as oral manifestations in patients with immune reconstitution
syndrome, need to be generously investigated in order to fully comprehend the effect of drugs
for proper and safe usage in the future. This article summarizes reported orofacial effects found in
HIV-infected patients who used antiretroviral drugs.
(CU Dent J. 2009;32:69-88)
Keywords :
antiretroviral; HIV; oral
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